By the end of World War II

By the end of World War II, the nations of Western Europe all faced the burdens of the post-war economies. If not totally destroyed, a nation was in chaos and needed dramatic reconstruction. This is where democratic societies stepped in; recreation of sturdy government was crucial to the revival of Western European countries. Within just a few years after the defeat of Italy and Germany, the European hemisphere bounced back into a stronger, more efficient society than ever before. Some call this the Golden Age of the European economy. As human life became more and more complex and difficult to manage, the government had to accommodate to the citizens needs and wants. Because of the basic importance of the contemporary social structure, its management had a crucial importance in making the countries work. Europe was used to strict authority over its people and complexity in the way they handles a countries affairs was not accepted. Europe was a very special situation though, because it has a long record of traditional social control imposed over the individual by collective authorities, especially the state, and hierarchal religious institutions. Another problem that was going on in modern Western Europe (pg.21, Crozier) the military grew in size a great deal, West European armed forces grew from forty-two thousand to almost eighty thousand within five years after the Second World War. Especially in the country of France. With the militant group emerging larger than ever, the government was working!with more citizens first hand, by supporting the working military group. One of the main pieces to making a modern democracy work was inducing the people to want to partake in the government and have them strive to get involved with the mending of the societal crisis. All post war European countries had to live through the same costly situation of having to resto

Slope of Regression Line and Correlation Coefficient

Slope of Regression Line and Correlation Coefficient Many times in the study of statistics it is important to make connections between different topics. We will see an example of this, in which the slope of the regression line is directly related to the correlation coefficient.  Since these concepts both involve straight lines, it is only natural to ask the question, How are the correlation coefficient and least square line related?   First, we will look at some background regarding both of these topics. Details Regarding Correlation It is important to remember the details pertaining to the correlation coefficient, which is denoted by r. This statistic is used when we have paired quantitative data. From a scatterplot of this paired data, we can look for trends in the overall distribution of data. Some paired data exhibits a linear or straight line pattern. But in practice, the data never falls exactly along a straight line. Several people looking at the same scatterplot of paired data would disagree on how close it was to showing an overall linear trend. After all, our criteria for this may be somewhat subjective. The scale that we use could also affect our perception of the data. For these reasons and more we need some kind of objective measure to tell how close our paired data is to being linear. The correlation coefficient achieves this for us. A few basic facts about r include: The value of r ranges between any real number from -1 to 1.Values of r close to 0 imply that there is little to no linear relationship between the data.Values of r close to 1 imply that there is a positive linear relationship between the data. This means that as x increases that y also increases.Values of r close to -1 imply that there is a negative linear relationship between the data. This means that as x increases that y decreases. The Slope of the Least Squares Line The last two items in the above list point us toward the slope of the least squares line of best fit. Recall that the slope of a line is a measurement of how many units it goes up or down for every unit we move to the right. Sometimes this is stated as the rise of the line divided by the run, or the change in y values divided by the change in x values. In general, straight lines have slopes that are positive, negative or zero. If we were to examine our least-square regression lines and compare the corresponding values of r, we would notice that every time that our data has a negative correlation coefficient, the slope of the regression line is negative. Similarly, for every time that we have a positive correlation coefficient, the slope of the regression line is positive. It should be evident from this observation that there is definitely a connection between the sign of the correlation coefficient and the slope of the least squares line. It remains to explain why this is true. The Formula for the Slope The reason for the connection between the value of r and the slope of the least squares line has to do with the formula that gives us the slope of this line. For paired data (x,y) we denote the standard deviation of the x data by sx and the standard deviation of the y data by sy. The formula for the slope a of the regression line is: a r(sy/sx) The calculation of a standard deviation involves taking the positive square root of a nonnegative number. As a result, both standard deviations in the formula for the slope must be nonnegative. If we assume that there is some variation in our data, we will be able to disregard the possibility that either of these standard deviations is zero. Therefore the sign of the correlation coefficient will be the same as the sign of the slope of the regression line.

Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizations - Essay Example The actions carried out by the organization are aimed towards preventative measures and strengthening the healthcare systems. The program is has an aggressive approach in fighting the current prevalent diseases in Africa which would be considered an emergency in developed countries. To be more specific, one of the main causes of death in Africa is HIV/AIDS. Approximately 68% of the entire AIDS infected population in the world resides in Sub Saharan Africa. However, only 10% of these individuals are offered the appropriate access to anti-retroviral drugs. The African community also has a problem of drug resistant strains of TB. The main killer of African children is Malaria, whist approximately 5Â  000 children are living with diarrhea at any given time. African women are also at a risk of 1:16 of dying during their pregnancy. Comparing these figures with developed countries shows the urgency of the matter and will help illustrate the approaches taken by AMREF in addressing these pro blems. The organization has started awareness campaigns and free testing facilities in an attempt to prevent new infections of HIV and reducing the progression of the disease in individuals who are already infected. Awareness campaigns have also been created among HIV patients about tuberculosis as early intervention prevents further spread. Specifically, the organization educates the community about the main symptoms, stages of the disease and diagnostic procedures. To reduce the occurrence of malaria the organization has donated mosquito nets and repellents and also educated people on the symptoms and signs of malaria. In an attempt to reduce the number of deaths due to delivery and complicated pregnancies, the organization has improved the education on maternal health. To prevent the spread of water borne diseases the organization has improved the level of education on water safety and sanitation. The above mentioned approaches may appear as non emergency actions; however, one mu st consider that the organization is based in a developing country. Education is the first step in improving health and preventing certain diseases and this aspect of healthcare is not fully developed in these countries. Therefore, the emergency approach would be too increase people’s knowledge as treatment provision alone is insufficient in alleviated the above mentioned health issues. As mentioned above, the organization is located in Africa and currently has establishments in 30 countries. These offices have several different functions which include technical support, laboratories, on- ground projects and training. The organization also has supporting offices in Europe and North America whose main function is to provide financial support for the African branches. As illustrated above, the main functions of the organization are educating purposes and targeted at developing countries. Therefore, in a usual emergency crisis the organization will not intervene. If the situatio n was serious and required the involvement of many healthcare organizations AMREF would be influential in spreading the message across the country. However, other modes of intervention in the United States would also be inhibited by the fact that the organiza

Development and Diversification of Living Organisms Assignment

Development and Diversification of Living Organisms - Assignment Example The complete set of genes within a living organism’s cell is called genotype. On the other hand, the complete set of physical characteristics that make up the structure of an organism is called phenotype. The limitations of these factors will inhibit the reproduction process, which of course results differ from one species to another because of the differences in characteristics that are inherited and environmental influences. This variation is also the result of a process called mutation, which is caused by radiation, viruses, and errors during DNA replication. Genes that arise by mutation and found at the same place on a chromosome is known as an allele. Thus, it can be said that evolution is the result of two opposing forces. According to Hardy-Weinberg’s Theory, the genotype and allele frequencies of a population will often remain in equilibrium, unless disturbing influences, such as mutation, is present. The equilibrium state is only possible when the genotype and allele frequencies do not change. This happens when a population has a large size, which prevents the occurrence of genetic drift, bottlenecks and founder effects. The equilibrium state also occurs when there is no mutation, as explained earlier and that random mating takes place, which is explained below. However, this is hardly the case. In other words, if the equilibrium state is violated by factors such as those mentioned above, then evolution will take place. The genotype and allele frequencies are influenced by environmental and cultural events. A given genotype frequency can occur with random mating in a single generation as this causes the evolution of a given species, which in turn produces a new equilibrium within that one generation. For instance, continuous random mating of a black-haired population will result in homozygotes. Such violations include inbreeding, assortative mating, and small population size. On the other hand, a change in allele frequency can occur when selection, mutation, and migration happen.

The Problem of Water in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Essay Example for Free

The Problem of Water in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Essay The promised land is primarily an arid land: Israel has very scarce water resources to ensure its survival. The water issue is a central part of the relationship that Israel maintains with its neighbors. The Middle East is a geographical area that is experiencing what experts have called a state of water stress, that is to say, a structural imbalance between a limited water capital and a consumption in strong growth given its population and pace of economic development. One cannot validly address the water battle in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and more broadly in the context of the crisis in the Middle East, without adressing the effect of a set of epiphenomena guaranteeing peace or war. The water issue has taken a clear geopolitical character in relations between Israel and the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza. Tensions have their origin in the large disparity in consumption between the two communities that share the same sources of water. Water is a crucial dimension in the conflict between Israel and Palestine. In this region the semi desert climate, where rainfall is absent from April to September with temperatures during the period between 30Â °C and 50Â °C. The issue of water is a critical dimension in the peace process. The water control is what makes the viability and economic power of the Hebrew state. It quickly became the cornerstone of the Zionist strategy from the early twentieth century. One may wonder then what role does water occupy in the culture and religion of the State of Israel. How and to what extent this natural element, is an important cultural and religious symbol in the country’s politics? How could the Hebrew State accept to share more equitably an already scarce resource? From the early twentieth century, Zionist leaders were already aware of the crucial importance of water in a hypothetical state of Israel well before its inception. Chaim Weizman, who became the first president of the Jewish state, imagined in 1919 to include the Litani River, an affluent of the Jordan river within Israeli borders. The border will eventually be established a few kilometers further south, leaving control of the strategic point to Lebanon. In 1953, the young state of Israel embarked on the construction of a huge pipeline from the north of the Sea of Galilee to the Negev desert. But Syria immediately intervenes and prevents it by using canons. The construction site will start over safely in the south. After the Six Day War in 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank and the Syrian part of the Golan, two strategic objectives for the water supply. The Golan Heights is a natural water reservoir that feeds the lake of Tiberias. Afraid that Syria would divert the rivers that descend into its own territory away from Israel, the Hebrew State has refused to cede the Golan to Syria. It is a fact that for the past 65 years, the Jewish state uses much of the groundwater flowing in its territory. Two-thirds of Israels water needs are provided by the groundwater of the West Bank, which are more exposed to pollution and overfishing. The depletion, combined with the arrival of new migrants, only accentuates the problem. The water potential of the West Bank consists of the surface water of the Jordan River and a few small streamsplus its groundwater regularly regenerated by the rains. Water availability is of great concern for Israel and the Occupied Territories, as it is well below the threshold of 500 cubic meters per year per capita. Withdrawals exceed the availables resources, and there is an overexploitation of groundwaters. Indeed, the groundwaters that benefit from an easy and inexpensive access are often overused, and they may experience significant drawdowns. This causes salinization. When they are in coastal position there is an intrusion of sea water. Operators then only pump salt or brackish water into the shallowest wells. This phenomenon is known in Gaza, Palestine, where the water table is gradually becoming unfit for human consumption. In this alarming context, Israel exploits most of the water leaving the Palestinians to settle for the bare minimum. The greater part of Israel resources was obtained after the creation of Israel in 1948, with the occupation of territories and the appropriating of all supply sources in the region. The occupation of the different territories called occupied is hydro-strategic, as it was of course, a territorial extension, but no matter which one it allowed for an increase in control over water resources in the region. The hydro-strategy can be defined as the art of maneuvering forces to accomplish politics in terms of hydraulic considerations. Israel controls all the water system in the occupied territories of Palestine. It has organized a deliberate unequal sharing of water resources: Israel diverts 75% of water resources from the occupied territories, leaving only 25% to the Palestinians. The average water consumption per capita of an Israeli is 5 times greater than that of a Palestinian. Besides water rationing, the Palestinians are victims of destruction of wells, water pipe and sanitation by the Israeli army. Israel has continued to establish Jewish settlements in the occupied territories. It is a way to be closer to the water reserves, or by diverting them to their advantage. Overexploited wells in Gaza makes water unfit for domestic consumption. Water quotas imposed by Israel make development impossible in the occupied territories endangering the survival of the Palestinians and causes serious health problems. The 26th mission of protection of the Palestinian people, in July 2002 has revealed the destruction of wells, sanitation and water pipes in the Gaza Strip and the Rafah area. Today, two thirds of Israels water needs are provided by resources from outside the 1948 borders: about one third comes from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and one third comes from the Sea of Galilee and the Yarmuk. 5% of the water of the occupied territories is consumed by Israel and its colonies. The population ratio between Israel and the Territories is 2 to 1 and the consumption of water is 11 to 1. Future discussions with the Palestinians will be difficult: they claim 80% of the resources of the West Bank. This would mean a 20% reduction of resources currently available for Israel. The issue of water is of utmost importance in an eventual peace settlement. On the other hand, Israel does not seem to concede some of the resources, and therefore Israel does not enforce many regulations despite their protest. Ignoring the Geneva Conventions, the Israeli government applies to the Occupied Territories a law dating from 1959 making water public property under the control of the state. Indeed, just after the occupation, control of water was given to the military authority which forbade any new water-related infrastructure construction. It then grabbed all water resources in Palestine declaring state ownership. In 1982, the Israeli water company, Mekorot, took control of the Palestinian water resources. Palestinian wells are destroyed and water resources are drained by drilling large-scale samples from deep wells for Israeli use only. Military legislation is introduced and colonization means the strategic maintenance of water resources in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, without which Israel can not grow or survive. Therefore we understand how the control of water and land, inseparable pair, leads the Zionist strategy. Israeli agricultural policy is the very expression of the Zionist ideal of flourishing the desert. Exports are also a way to show to the world that Israel lacks nothing in terms of quality of life, it is bound to be a great ountry, and the immigration of Jews to Israel, considered as a safe haven, may still continue. This is the reason why no Israeli politician can give up on the blue gold of the Occupied Territories. Israel sees as a casus belli any attempt to appropriate water resources by neighboring countries. This is the case for example of Syria which covets a part of Jordan. Today the Gaza Strip returned to the Palestinians is an area that has experienced excessive pumping so that its remai ning water is unfit for consumption (pollution, salinization ). The groundwaters sources take decades to recover. The long-term prospects are alarming because the region lacks water and miss more because resources are limited and demand will only increase, given the high population growth on both sides. The World Bank predicts that by 2040 the demand for Israel, the Occupied Territories and Jordan could rise to 7 billion cubic meters. As of 1994 the Israeli water consumption was 2 billion cubic meters per year. However the local ressources can in theory only ensure 1. 5 billion cubic meters. Clearly the resources of the Jordan River Basin are inadequate. Therefore the solution could be by regional water transfers, hence the interest in Lebanese Litany river, or the costly use of unconventional resources: desalination of sea water, wastewater recycling, etc. However, financial resources are unequal and the Palestinians will not be able to afford to take on these costs. Thus, the prospect of regional cooperation could be a difficult solution to implement, but achievable because this water so rare and valuable will also be greatly missed by Israel if the overexploitation are maintained at this rate.

Punishment :: essays research papers

Effective Punishment for America Violence in our world is getting ever more vicious. We see people brutally killing other people. In every country this is a problem. The real problem is that ninety percent of the ones committing these crimes are children. The question is discipline. We need to take the necessary steps in effective discipline for children. Children should be disciplined by strict punishment in cases such as murder, rape, and drugs. The disciplining of children has come a long way from where it has been. We as society, have lost the idea of effective discipline. That is discipline that teaches a person how wrong the action was. It should also teach a person not to every want to do the action again. We as society must stand up for the cause of discipline. For example, if a sixteen-year old walks into a school and opens fire on students, strict punishment should be acted upon by the courts. Our jails have become more of a hotel for criminals. Murder is a vicious crime and the consequences of this crime, especially if it is a child, should have serious attributes to these crimes. Rape has become a serious crime in America today. We hear of rape crimes at least one every five minutes here in America. Like murder most of these crimes are committed by teenagers. I think that convicting a young teenager of this crime and declaring them mentally insane is ludicrous. They should ban such ways for escaping the punishment of such a brutal crime. As the saying from the Bible goes, "Spare the rod and spoil the child." We must stop the ways of escaping the system and get back to the basics of disciplinary action. Drugs is a problem no matter where one goes in America. We see them in schools, colleges, homes, streets, everywhere. The actions taken against drug abusers are not cruel ones. We usually give them a second chance. This second chance is fine, but when the second time comes action must take place. To effectively get rid of this problem, parents need to effectively punish if they catch there kids. If the authorities catch the children, then parents need to come and take the punishment out after they get home. We need to stop these crimes and the only way to let someone know the extent of punishment they deserve is to punish one the first offense.

Freedom of Expression in the Philippines Essay

â€Å"Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties. – JOHN MILTON Individual freedom and collective expression in the Philippines, I’d say, is the most exercised and an unmistakable sign of this country’s democracy. Our individual rights and freedoms, the most basic, the essential to the complex and critical ones define our identity as Filipinos, and the basic extension of our humanity. That need to express, to communicate, and to reach out to one another without the fear of judgment or even criminal prosecution. We have the freest press, the most uncensored and unrestricted provisions on our freedom to express ourselves, to seek other people’s take on relevant issues and sometimes just so, because we want to and because we can. And when these are stripped of us, we resist. We react, and to some extent violently and rebelliously just so we can send that fierce message that as a democratic country, with the collective freedoms and rights declared in our charter, no one has the right to deny us of those rights and freedoms. But sometimes, too much freedom can mean abuse of freedom. And restrictions or not, these freedoms aren’t absolute. One is still liable to what he says, especially in public. As professionals and practitioners of the press, they are responsible for balanced views and opinions. Slander, libel, false accusations and any other form with malicious intent is tolerated by freedom of expression. One cannot accuse someone of something and invoke his freedom of expression, and expect it to give him immunity from the law. Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.† Article 19 (2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights affirms: â€Å"Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include  freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.† Under the Bill of Rights of the Philippine Constitution, Article III, Section 4 declares: â€Å"No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.† But it wasn’t too long ago when the infamous Cybercrime Bill was signed by the president. It bore flawed provisions that largely outraged advocates of freedom of speech. It awakened this fire not only to these advocates but to ordinary Filipinos who was suddenly faced with the possibility of being denied of this freedom. It scared some. And now the Bill is on a temporary restraining order after much protest that involved hacktivists hacking government servers and websites. The President’s website down to other departments weren’t spared from their wrath. Rallies and demonstrations plagued the major government offices. Even the press expressed its dismay on the unreasonable grounds the bill imposed. And thus, this freedom prevailed. Liberty means responsibility. That is why most men dread it. – GEORGE BERNARD SHAW How many times have we seen major political figures get away with it? How often have seen them actually pay for their wrongful actions? Seldom, if not never. I’m not going to expound much on the issue of legal independence, though it’s another critical criteria of good governance that somehow connects with this issue. The ‘influence’ of the executive and legislative branches respectively, to our judiciary, though less people wants to admit it, is not unheard of. I would even go as far as saying that appearances aside, alliances between people from these three legs of our system speaks volumes if we want to talk about partiality, of justice being served, or of the  judiciary protecting people from the other two branches. Ex-chief justice Renato Corona’s historic impeachment can attest to this connection. People have been talking about Corona’s alleged alliance with GMA ever since he was appointed by the latter, have sprouted suspicions and dirty allegations and from that standpoint, when the chief justice’s public image is tainted, people will not just talk of injustice. Regardless of its truth or falsity, in their eyes, the then chief justice must no longer be a chief justice. Then came his impeachment, which was on the grounds of not declaring assets and liabilities on his SALN, which then comes to light a public official’s dishonesty or honest mistake of omission, we will never know. After that excruciating days of examining the facts and arguing from point A to point B about this and that in the senate, I don’t think it had achieved much but prove a point. A point that I guess is a starting step into holding a public official responsible for his action. It’s a welcomed change. But let’s look at our former president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Somehow, she’s still out of the clutches of accountability to her grave misdeeds in office. Her audacity not to resign when reasonable proof has been unearthed of her alleged influence on the 2004 Presidential elections. Evidences, though illegal or circumstantial surfaced, or did you forget the wiretapping Hello Garci scandal. Those tapes allegedly suggested that Arroyo ordered the rigging of the national elections for her to win by around one million votes against the late Fernando Poe, Jr. However, she indeed conversed with COMELEC commissioner Virgilio Garciliano, and it was a ‘lapse of judgment’ on her part and made the most talked about apology in television. Her alleged cheating and electoral sabotage induced public protests, to no avail. Several impeachment attempts have followed. Three separate complaints ensued. One in 2005, and then another in 2006. All defeated and trashed in the House of Representatives. Now what does that say of our system under her presidency? In October 2007, lawyer Alan Paguia filed an impeachment complaint against Arroyo in connection with the issue of bribery. Paguia’s complaint was based on the revelation of Pampanga Gov. Ed Panlilio that various governors received half a million pesos from Malacaà ±ang. The impeachment case, as of the middle  of October 2007, has already been referred to the House of Representatives Committee on Justice. Now what? Is it sitting there somewhere in the House with dusts and was ultimately forgotten? Her presidency, shrouded in controversy, was probably the worse after Marcos, though in the same light, we can’t deny their contributions in the country’s economical improvement. But accountability, CGMA seems to be immune to. We saw progress on November 18, 2011 after a Pasay court issued a warrant of arrest against her, following the filing of a complaint for electoral sabotage by the Commission on Elections. At the time, she was in the hospital, so it was a House Arrest. The Supreme Court had issued a Resolution enjoining attempts by the Department of Justice to prevent her departure from the Philippines to seek medical treatment overseas. But oh well, The House of Representatives under the leadership of Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. issued a travel permit allowing her to have treatment in Germany despite the Department of Justice hold departure order. She was released from hospital arrest on bail and refused to enter any plea on charges she misused $8.8 million in state lottery funds during her term in office. These pile of charges seemed to hang up there again, as she is currently seeking treatment in Germany. Not to be insensitive with her health conditions, nor would I wanna say that her health conditions are just convenient lies to evade prosecution, but one has to admit of it being at the right place at the right time. Joseph Estrada was convicted of plunder and was placed on house arrest. Well at least that is some form of penalization we saw. But then, Manila had to elect him as their Mayor in the recent polls. Now what does that say about us learning from our mistakes? How can we trust a public official who had already broken our trust in the worst way possible and then elect him again and put him into a position where he can do it again? I am but a keen observer and naturally has not enough professional or political mandate to be accusing the lady of anything. However, it is my constitutional right to express myself though facts and informed judgments and personal opinions. At this juncture, if one has to violently disagree with me and confront me in the form of a lawsuit (God, I hope not), I leave the world of Philippine Daily Inquirer columnist, Mahar Mangahas. â€Å"If any citizen is free to openly agree, but not to openly disagree, then freedom of expression does not prevail. An individual’s option to openly express disagreement without risk of any personal injury is a key part of the definition of a free society.†

Juvenile Justice Research Paper Essay

Abstract The juvenile Justice System has gone through many changes in America and are represented through six main periods that will be discussed in this paper. The periods are called the Puritan Era (1646–1824), the Refuge Period (1824-1899), the Juvenile Court Period (1899-1960), The Juvenile Rights Period (1960-1980), the Crime Control Period (1980-2005), and The Kids are Different Period (2005-present). Juvenile Justice has constantly changed depending on the beliefs, needs and wants of society during a certain era. There are reformers who have fought and continue to do so for the best interest of juveniles and society. They have played a major role and succeeded in many changes through the Juvenile Justice history. Youth crime has always been present in the United States dating back to the colonial period when American cities were first established in our country. The way youth crime has been handled has drastically changed over the years. Some people may feel the changes are for the better, and some may not agree with the changes. However, by taking a look at the history of the juvenile system clearly many reformers have fought for changes and laws to protect and rehabilitate juvenile offenders. Literature Review There are six main periods in the development of the United States Juvenile Justice system. The first development has early ties dating back to the 19th century. The earliest attempt to control juvenile behavior was during The Puritan Period from 1646 until 1824. The Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law was passed in 1646. The puritans during this time viewed children as evil and placed responsibility on the family to discipline and raise youths. If the parents were unsuccessful; the youth would, then be subject to the law. (Cole, Smith, DeJong page 472). During this time, children over the age of five were treated either as small adults or property. A seven-year-old child could be sentenced in criminal courts. In 1648 in Massachusetts a child who cursed his natural parents could be put to death (U.S. History). The second period is The Refuge Period from 1824 until 1899. Youth crime began to grow right alongside American cities. As a result, reformers began to develop correctional practi ces. The main focus was on urban immigrant poor, seeking to have parents declared unfit if their children roamed the streets and were out of control. Of course, not all poor immigrant children were involved in criminal acts but if the parents were viewed as not disciplining or training them to follow society’s rules, the children would end up in prison. Institutions were opened, which were half prison and half school house, and  they were occupied by orphans and children convicted of crimes. Many children were placed in these homes because of neglect or being homeless and stayed until they were adults. The houses were run by a strict program of work, study and discipline. Reform schools were also opened to provide discipline and education in a home like atmosphere. Even with the reform schools children could still be arrested. The process for arrests, trial, and imprisonments were the same for children and adults during this period. (Cole, Smith, DeJong page 472). The third period is The Juvenile Court Period from 1899 until 1960. Juvenile criminality became a focus and reformers pushed for individualized care and treatment to offenders of all kinds to include adult criminals, the mentally ill, and juvenile delinquents. They pushed for the use of probation, treatment, indeterminate sentences, and parole for adults and succeeded in similar programs for juveniles. The upper-middle class reformers were called child savers, and they fought to use the power of state to save children from a life of crime. They fought for a separate juvenile court system that could address problems by using flexible procedures. An act was passed in 1899 for children under 16, which had four main parts, they are a separate court. for juveniles, fewer adversarial procedures than the adult system, separation of children from adults in the system, and programs to assist the courts in deciding what is in the best interest of the child and the state. The philosophy came from the idea that the state would deal with a child much like a good parent would and procedures would be informal and private. Social workers and psychologists were used in the system instead of lawyers because social workers and psychologists could determine the underlying behavior problem. (Cole, Smith, DeJong page 472 – 473). According to (lawyershop) in the article The History of America’s Juvenile Justice System the Progressive Era in the United States was from 1900 until 1918 and was a time of social reform. It follows a period of discontent where American’s experienced struggles such as the women’s suffrage movement, and the fight against child labor. In 1899, the State of Illinois established the first juvenile court and within 30 years, all the states had established juvenile courts. The main difference between juvenile and adult court was that juvenile  courts were civil in nature and adult courts were criminal. (Maryland. gov). Next came the Juvenile Rights Period from 1960 until 1980. In the early 1960s lawyers and scholars began to criticize the extent of discretion given to juvenile justice officials, and the U.S. Supreme court expanded the rights of juveniles. A judge can now waive jurisdiction and pass a case to adult court. Children in a delinquency hearing were given certain procedural rights such as notice of the charges, right to counsel, right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, and protection against self- incrimination. Also, another change is the onset of status offenses, which are acts that are not illegal if committed by an adult such as skipping school or running away. (Cole, Smith, DeJong pages 473 – 475). According to (Maryland.gov): Until the late 1960s, youth in the juvenile court system did not have constitutional legal rights. That changed with the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1967 decision in In re Gault. In that case, the Supreme Court concluded that even though juvenile courts were civil proceedings, juveniles subject to these proceedings still faced a potential loss of liberty. For that reason, the Supreme Court required that all youth offenders involved in juvenile court proceedings and facing possible confinement have the following constitutional rights: The right to receive notice of charges The right to obtain legal counsel The right to confrontation and cross-examination The privilege against self-incrimination The right to receive a transcript of the proceedings, and The right to have an appellate court’s review the lower court’s decision. As a result of Juvenile crime, rising in the 1970’s the Crime Control Period of 1980-2005 came to surface. The public demand to crack down on crime began in 1980. The juvenile system changed in regard to greater attention being placed on repeat offenders with policy makers calling for harsher punishment on juveniles who commit crimes and juveniles could now be held in preventative detention prior to trial if considered a risk to society. Crime control policies resulted in a lot more juveniles being  tried in adult courts and seemed to go beyond the juveniles who were accused of violent crimes. (Cole, Smith, DeJong page 475). Some laws were passed that required law enforcement and the courts to automatically charge youth as adults if they were alleged to have committed violent crimes with weapons. (Maryland.gov) We are currently in the Kids Are Different Period, which began in 2005 and is still going on. This is a new era in juvenile justice brought on by the new ruling that executions are unconstitutional for crimes committed by anyone younger than 18 years. The ruling was made because juveniles are less deserving of blame than adults due to factors such as physical and emotional development that comes from emotional development that comes from growth and maturity of the brain. Maturity occurs at age 16, but controls over impulsiveness are not fully developed until age 24 or 26. Because of this recognition, new programs and laws are designed to treat juveniles differently than adults. Emotional and intellectual development plays a role in how children understand or fail to understand their rights. The process for judicial waiver to move juveniles to adult court is not used as much during this period. Lawyers are now normally present at stages in the process to include court hearings. Offenders rarely up in punitive environments such as training schools and the juvenile justice system is similar to the adult system but not as formal with the intention to keep juveniles in the community when possible. According to (U.S. History): In 2012, the Supreme Court continued its trend of holding that children cannot be automatically punished the same way as adult criminals without considering their age and other factors, by further ruling that juveniles under the age of 18 who commit murder may not receive mandatory life sentences with any chance for parole. Each case must be decided on its own merits, and the sentence imposed must take into account the child’s age and other factors. The ruling allows judges and juries to consider a juvenile’s age when they hand down sentences for some of the harshest crimes, instead of making life in prison without parole an automatic sentence. The ruling left open from the possibility that judges can sentence juveniles to life without parole in individual cases of murder, but said state and federal laws cannot automatically impose such a sentence. The court recognized  that children need additional attention and protection in the consideration of the unique status of children and their potential for change. Conclusion The Juvenile Justice System has gone through many changed since youth crime first started in America. It continues to change as reformers fight for juvenile rights and fight to keep rehabilitation programs. At the end of the day, the Juvenile System is here to protect the offender as well as the society as a whole. Juveniles are young enough to change and the rehabilitation programs are worth it, especially when some juveniles change and become a productive member of society. References DeJong, C., Cole, G. F., & Smith, C. E. (2013). Chapter 15. In Criminal Justice in America. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. History of America’s Juvenile Justice System. (n.d.). LawyerShop Site. Retrieved December 06, 2014, from http://www.lawyershop.com/practice-areas/criminal-law/juvenile-law/history History of Juvenile Justice in the United States. (n.d.). Maryland.gov Department of Juvenile Systems Retrieved December 05, 2014, from http://www.djs.state.md.us/history-us.asp U.S. History. (n.d.). State of Louisiana/Youth Services/Office of Juvenile Justice. Retrieved December 06, 2014: http://www.ojj.la.gov/index.php?page=sub&id=230

Gordon Goodwins Big Phat Band essays

Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band essays Gordon Goodwin and Count Basie are two jazz artists who incorporated a lot of variety into their musical sound and ultimately played more than one genre of music. They played classic jazz, latin jazz,and blues, to list a few. Goodwin is known worldwide as a great composer, pianist, arranger, and saxophonist. He is mainly known for his preference of quick rock beat music. He also typically included other famous musicians in his albums, such as: saxophonists Dave Koz and Gerald Albright, bassist Marcus Miller, and the vocal group Take 5. Thats How We Roll is Goodwins sixth album., and the first song shares this title. The title was intended to literally show people what his band is all about. Thats How We Roll is a seven minutes and seven seconds-long song, featuring extremely high trumpet parts and a long saxophone solo by Gordon Goodwin himself. The saxophone solo starts out very simple and eventually evolves into very complicated rhythms, and he builds up to an very high note held out for a few seconds with heavy vibrato. Howdiz Songo? is the second song. It has kind of a Latin jazz feel to it. It features a strong exotic trumpet solo about halfway through using growls and half valve scoops, soloing tricks used by professionals to add color to the music. Rippin n Runnin is their third song. It starts with a very idiosyncratic piano part and eventually leads into a saxophone solo with trumpets in the background. Hunting Wabbits 3 is one of their different songs on the album. It sounds like it never really arrives at a resolution. It just keeps going with the melody passed around sections. It actually sounds perfect to be in a "Loony Toons" episode with Elmer Fudd chasing Bugs Bunny, and as its title denotes, this is its purpose. About half way through the song, it switches to a strong swing feel. The piano starts the chang...

Martin Luther King Jr. Writing Prompts

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Crisis Management and the Aaron Hernandez Saga Research Paper

Crisis Management and the Aaron Hernandez Saga - Research Paper Example he murder cases surrounding Aaron Hernandez have led to great damages not only to the image of Aaron Hernandez himself, but also the people and organizations with which Aaron Hernandez was associated. This paper discusses and analyses the Aaron Hernandez saga and the endeavors made by different stakeholders in the handling and management of the negativity brought about by the Aaron Hernandez crisis. Aaron Hernandez saga, even though with a very unclear origin, can be traced right from the childhood that Hernandez had to bear. As is common with most people, the environment to a huge extent dictates the personalities of individuals. Aaron Hernandez was brought up in a loving family. Aaron Hernandez loved, trusted and really had a strong belief in the principles of the parents. The trust Aaron Hernandez had on his father had positive consequences as well as negative consequences on him (Aaron Hernandez) all in equal measure (The University of Liverpool, 2014). Positively, Aaron Hernandez’s father played a huge role in bringing up Aaron Hernandez as a very responsible and a self-motivated individual (The University of Liverpool, 2014). Being responsible in Aaron Hernandez is evidenced when he decided to pick up a career in professional football. Aaron Hernandez is seen as a successful player with attractive records in the NFL, some of which: playing in the super-bowls and in the top-flight tight end. Negatively however, Dennis Hernandez (Aaron Hernandez’s father) had rogue characteristics such as frequently being convicted of assault. From this study, it can be argued that Aaron Hernandez inherited the â€Å"genes of crime† from his father (The Courant, 2014). Being a football player, Aaron Hernandez is prone to crime. American football is a game characterized with hard tackles let alone the physical demands the players have to go through before they qualify as professionals (The Courant, 2014). A huge number of players in the NFL are also drug users, which